# Nobel Prize — Sources

All laureates, years, and categories were verified against NobelPrize.org and primary/
institutional sources. Content model: `activities.js`. As of this build, the 2025 prizes
are announced and included. Focus is on contribution and impact, not trivia.

## Laureates and prizes referenced
- **All Nobel Prizes 2025** — https://www.nobelprize.org/all-nobel-prizes-2025/
  (Chemistry: Yaghi, Kitagawa, Robson — metal–organic frameworks; Peace: María Corina Machado; Economics: Mokyr, Aghion, Howitt — innovation-driven growth.)
- **All Nobel Prizes 2024** — https://www.nobelprize.org/all-nobel-prizes-2024/
  (Physics: Hopfield, Hinton — neural networks; Chemistry: Baker, Hassabis, Jumper — protein structure / AlphaFold.)
- **Physiology or Medicine 2023 (Karikó & Weissman)** — nucleoside base modifications enabling mRNA vaccines. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2023/summary/
- **Chemistry 2020 (Charpentier & Doudna)** — CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing (awarded in Chemistry). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2020/summary/
- **Physiology or Medicine 1983 (Barbara McClintock)** — mobile genetic elements; only unshared Medicine prize won by a woman. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1983/mcclintock/facts/
- **Physiology or Medicine 1945 (Fleming, Chain, Florey)** — penicillin and its curative effect. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1945/summary/
- **Physics 1921 (Einstein)** — the law of the photoelectric effect (NOT relativity). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1921/summary/
- **Marie Curie** — Physics 1903 (radiation phenomena, shared) and Chemistry 1911 (radium & polonium, sole). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1903/marie-curie/facts/
- **Literature 1993 (Toni Morrison)** — "visionary force and poetic import"; first African American woman in Literature. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1993/summary/
- **Peace 2004 (Wangari Maathai)** — sustainable development, democracy and peace; Green Belt Movement. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2004/summary/
- **Peace 2014 (Malala Yousafzai & Kailash Satyarthi)** — children's right to education; Malala youngest laureate (age 17). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2014/summary/
- **Economic Sciences 1998 (Amartya Sen)** — welfare economics, social choice, famine research. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1998/summary/

## Design notes on accuracy
- **Deliberate "borderline" sort items:** CRISPR (2020) and AlphaFold/protein design (2024) were both awarded in **Chemistry**, and the 2024 neural-network prize was in **Physics** — used as teaching examples of how modern breakthroughs cross fields.
- **Anti-"lone genius" framing:** the *Before and After* activity uses the real penicillin timeline (Fleming 1928 → Florey & Chain purification & 1941 trials → 1945 shared prize) so students separate *directly supported* from *merely associated* claims.

*Note:* NobelPrize.org returns 403 to some automated fetches; laureates/motivations/years were
corroborated across multiple sources and follow the site's standard, verifiable URL pattern.
A human glance at the exact summary pages before publication is recommended.